The Theory Of Cognitive Psychology - 892 Words

The theory of Cognitive psychology looks at any individual as the source of processing the information just any computer which perceives the input in the form of information and then processing it with the help of already installed information related to it and then it is given out as an output by following the program. It is still possible to study the mental position of the mind through meditational processes involving attention, perception and memory. These are the stages in processing the information in a human mind. Objects, information, scenarios are always present here in our environment and we respond to them through several actions and reactions of our mind capability. Whenever a person looks at an object through his eyes, he will look at it only when he will pay attention to that object. (Hugenberg, 2010) Whenever we pay attention to any specific object or a person, we start perceiving all the related information about it which is used for perceiving his ability to discern others’ state for instance emotions and his traits. There has been general tradition that the perception and attention both influence the memory of a person depending upon the current thoughts and past experience related to similar situation seen by the individual. It is not necessary that the ‘attention’ which is common to all will lead to perception of the extracted information in the same way. However, it does not vary too much individual to individual because common sense perceiving ofShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Cognitive Psychology947 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand how information is stored and recalled was thought not so widely followed through until the concept of cognitive psychology came along. Cognitive Psychology is broadly known as the study to understand the deep complexity of p rocessing and recalling information which can determine our behaviors and feelings. There are three main focuses which contribute to the study of cognitive psychology. The first is a memory which can be looked at as the storage of information, both immediately and storedRead MoreThe Theory Of Cognitive Psychology928 Words   |  4 Pagesprocesses, memory and communication. This new direction received the name of cognitive psychology. One of the pioneers, who established this path in psychology science, was Swiss biologist, Jean Piaget. Piaget’s discoveries and principles have made a significant contribution in expansion of cognitive psychology ideas. His research and concepts that were based on kids learning and progressing helped him to form his famous theory of four developmental stages, which later found supporters and critics amongRead MoreCognitive Theories And Theories Of Psychology1526 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloped in order to understand certain behavior. The most common approaches in psychology are psychodynamic, behavior, cognitive, humanistic, and biological approaches. The ultimate goal of each method is to help individuals change unhealthy thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. However, these different approaches use different techniques to form assumptions and explanations about abnormality. In this essay, cognitive and psychodynamic are the two approaches that will be discussed. Even though theseRead MoreThe Psychology Of Cognitive Theory1069 Words   |  5 Pages The history of Cognitive behavior therapy was theorized or developed, by Dr. Aaron T Beck. To clarify, Dr. Beck theorized CBT as a form of psychotherapy, the therapists and the client working together as a team, in efforts of developing a therapeutic solution. Next, the CBT therapeutic model is conclusive to studies aiding in seeking solutions which mirror psychiatric disorders such as anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse, eating disorders, PTSD, and other personality disorders stillRead MoreThe Theory Of Cognitive Psychology Essay2350 Words   |  10 Pagesyou are constantly employing cognitive processes in order to function throughout the day. The term for the study of these cognitive processes is cognitive psychology. Rutgers University defines cognitive psychology as â€Å"the scientific study of mind and mental function, including learning, memory, attention, perception, reasoning, language, conceptual development, and decision making†. One area of these cogn itive processes is called wayfinding. It contains several cognitive processes such as knowing theRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory Of Psychology Essay1764 Words   |  8 PagesYosef Friedman Professor E Cohen History and System of Psychology (11280 LPSN 332) December 8, 2016 Final Cognitive Behavioral Theory: Cognitive Behavioral Theory can be divided into three parts, or â€Å"waves† of development. The first of the three is Behaviorism. In 1913 Watson launched the behavioral school of psychology, publishing an article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it. A few years later, in 1920 Watson and Rayner conditioned an orphan known as Little Albert to fear a white rat. In 1936Read MorePsychology : Cognitive Behavioral Theory840 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive-Behavioral Theory Presenting Concerns Catalina came to counseling seeking help in dealing with traumatic events from her past, which has led her to problems in her marriage, mistrust in others, and high levels of anxiety. She is having a difficult time letting go of the past. Catalina was physically abused by her aunt from the age for 10-14. The only male figure ever present in her life was her aunt’s son Roberto, who attempted to sexually abuse her when she was 14 years old. Although herRead MoreClassical Financial Theory : Cognitive Psychology And Economics952 Words   |  4 Pagesof the stock market. Classical financial theory assumes investors behave with rational expectations in order to maintain an efficient market. Yet as we know, the idiosyncrasies in human behavior vary and financial markets tend to fluctuate up and down as a result. Recently, economics has begun to adopt the insights of behavioral science as a more realistic interpretation of financial markets. Behavioral economics incorporates aspects of cognitive psychology with conventional finance in order to provideRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Psychology1187 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Cognitive Psychology movement and one of the most influential developmental psychologists of the 20th century. His work on schemas, adaptation, and his development theory are still being used today in most professional settings as a way to understand the development of the child. His work on schemas led to a new understanding of mental illness, paving the way for Cognitive-Behavioral therapies and other therapeutic methods that are based off faulty thinking. Before the Cognitive movementRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology, Humanistic, Social Cognitive And Trait Perspective1235 Words   |  5 Pagespatterns of thinking1. In psychology, personality is utilized to sum up all the ways of an individual’s thinking, feeling and acting that based on the environment and experience. 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Is Print Media Dead in the 21st Century - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2451 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Media Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? With the emergence of digital media, the relevance of print media have been fiercely debated (Gomez, 2008; Leatherbarrow, 2012). The advocates of digital media supremacy bring to light the idea of the death of print media. In an attempt to persuade the public of the ultimate end of print newspapers, magazines, and books, the advocates present print media as fully outdated, expensive, and impractical (Anderson, 2014). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is Print Media Dead in the 21st Century?" essay for you Create order What becomes evident from their pressure on the public is that they have initiated a zero-sum game à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" print must die for digital to prevail (Anderson, 2014, n.p.). This essay is aimed at discussing whether print media are really dead in the 21st century. Drawing on the recent research evidence and authoritative opinions, the essay attempts to generate an in-depth analysis of the vitally important issue. Gomez (2008) asserts that print media (especially print books) continue to preserve popularity among the reading public because they greatly appreciate how print media look and smell. Drawing the parallels between peoples devotion to print media and patriotic feelings, Gomez (2008) poses a reasonable question: how can books ever be replaced, let alone disappear? (p.13). However, the author also claims that print media are significantly threatened by the wide spread of digital media and that the sales of print media are declining. Discussing the position of print med ia in the digital era, Hooper (2012) expresses a view that reports of the death of print have been greatly exaggerated (n.p.). To prove his opinion, Hooper (2012) mentions some examples of the increasing interest in print media. For instance, he claims that some sites and online services (e.g. Google, Moshi Monsters, and Net-A-Porter) have recently started to publish print magazines to attract new partners and customers and realise new strategic goals. Hooper (2012) also discusses the case of the famous Berlin magazine 032c. This magazine was created by Joerg Koch to advertise the website. However, the print magazine has acquired so much popularity among readers that the website was transformed into an archival repository. Moreover, as West (2009) specifies, many famous newspapers (e.g. The New York Times, Washington Post, Time, and The Guardian) are still published because the quality of journalism produced by traditional print media is still well ahead of the combined might of all the bloggers that inhabit cyberspace (n.p.). In the viewpoint of West (2009), digital media will not replace print media until the quality of digital media is increased. Likewise, Anderson (2014) mentions that even computational and scientific fields heavily rely on print media. For instance, in the medicine field, print journals are considered as crucial and reliable resources widely used by health care professionals. Nossek, Adoni, and Nimrod (2015) have conducted an interesting research on print media reading in nine European countries. The countries chosen for the research were technologically similar, but culturally different. The acquired evidence has clearly revealed that print media preserve their popularity in the 21st century. About half of the European respondents have acknowledged that they read either print books or print newspapers. However, the findings of Zickuhr and Rainie (2014) and Desilver (2014) have shown a gradual substitution of print books for digit al books. Despite these findings, Nossek, Adoni, and Nimrod (2015) claim that this displacement, if actualized, will only be partial (p.379). Although digital books are less expensive and are more accessible than print books, the tradition of reading print books is too powerful (Liu, 2008). Moreover, in the viewpoint of Nossek, Adoni, and Nimrod (2015), readers significantly enjoy design and artistic worth of print books. On the other hand, Nossek, Adoni, and Nimrod (2015) acknowledge that print newspapers have more chances for displacement than print books. This is explained by two major factors: 1) print newspapers are less popular among readers than print books and 2) digital media provide readers with a range of new opportunities (e.g. socialisation, an immediate access to national and international news, and co-creation of news) (Nossek, Adoni, and Nimrod, 2015). West (2009) acknowledges that some large newspapers will certainly fail to survive in the highly digital world becau se of the loss of monopoly. While the mentioned reasons for displacement can hardly be considered disputable, print media outperform digital media in the depth of media coverage, accuracy of information, and the diversity and quality of the content (West, 2009; Nossek, Adoni, and Nimrod, 2015). With regard to the latter aspect, the articles published in print newspapers and magazines are written by professional journalists who do not only produce grammatically correct writing, but also tend to discuss an issue or event from different perspectives, positions, and angles (West, 2009). In addition, Kitch (2009) specifies that people continue to view print media as crucial material objects which help them preserve memories of some events. Adoni and Nossek (2001) also point out that those readers who are unable to develop digital skills certainly prefer print books to digital books. What the research of Nossek, Adoni, and Nimrod (2015) has brought into light is that the majority of Internet users balance their time spent reading different media (p.381). Actually, the choice of digital or print media depends on readers needs and purposes of reading (Liu, 2008). For instance, those people who attempt to receive authoritative and detailed information on certain events choose print newspapers or print books, while those people who want to satisfy their psychosocial needs or want to be entertained choose digital media. In view of the fact that digital media and print media endow readers with diverse kinds of experience (Liu, 2008; Hooper, 2012), it is wrong to reject either of the two. This is proved by the survey of trade magazine editors conducted by Leatherbarrow (2012). According to the survey findings, editors strongly believe that their print magazines benefit from online versions and that people of different ages, professions, experiences, and skills prefer different kinds of media. In the viewpoint of one respondent, My sector has a traditional older, le ss technically-literate reader base. They spend 12 hours a day in their shops, and want to relax with a magazine they can hold, not in front of a screen (Leatherbarrow, 2012, n.p.). What is evident from this particular testimony is that print texts and digital texts cannot be differentiated on the premise of their different formats. It is the difference in experience that matters (Catone, 2013). However, as Richtel and Bosman (2011) acknowledge in their article, reading of print media is widespread not only among the old generation, but also among the young generation. Although parents are obsessed with digital devices and digital media, they attempt to inspire their childrens interest in reading print books. According to Richtel and Bosman (2011), parents hold the view that the experience of reading print books is unique and contributes much to the overall development of their children. This unique experience is explained by the fact that children establish emotional ties with p rint books (something which cannot be achieved with digital books). Through these emotional ties, they evoke all five senses and acquire different skills. In addition to children and old people without appropriate digital skills, researchers and scholars also contribute much to the survival of print media. As Berger (2006) specifies, academic authors prefer print publications to digital publications. Print books can be sold, distributed among friends, relatives, colleagues, and students, and used for citations. In the process of writing an academic paper, scholars and students tend to heavily rely on print books because online resources do not guarantee any longevity for citation as books and analog journals do (Berger, 2006, p.152). This assertion is consistent with the findings of Ramirez (2003) who investigated the reading preferences of students from the National University of Mexico and found that 78 percent of students read and better understand print media and materials, whil e only 18 percent preferred reading of digital materials. Even when students read a digital text, they cannot read it for more than two hours (Ramirez, 2003). According to Liu (2008), students tend to choose print media when a text or book is rather lengthy, when they need to profoundly investigate a specific issue or area, and when they need to take notes. What should be understood is that those who insist on the death of print media speak from the position of significant technological changes, fully disregarding social aspects of print media reading. Griswold, Lenaghan, and Naffziger (2011) express the view that digital media are not bringing about the death of reading, or a postprint age, or the disappearance of the book in ink-on-dead-trees form, but are changing the nature and type of reading experiences available (p.31). Following this line of argument, it becomes evident that modern readers do not have to dismiss print media for the sake of digital media. Instead, they hav e an opportunity to choose among different types of media. Moreover, by bringing to light the debate about the death of print media and by comparing print media to digital media, authors, researchers, and scholars unintentionally revive interest in print media (Sutherland and Deegan, 2012). The debate has a great impact on peoples minds and makes them reconsider their attitudes to the issue of print media. When in 1999 the British Library microfilmed and then eradicated American newspapers after 1850, this decision was negatively perceived by both English and international public (Chartier, 2004). As a result of this negative perception, American and English libraries were forced to stop destroying print newspapers and magazines. This particular example proves that people are not ready to easily reject print media, even though they widely read digital media. In the process of reading print and digital versions of the same text, readers use different methods and strategies of reading . Catone (2013) compares reading of digital media to watching a film version of a live performance. Those who understand the beauty and value of a print book certainly continue to invest in books to enrich their collection (Agresta, 2012). The recent survey of English and American readers conducted by Publishing Technology (2015) has demonstrated that readers between 18 and 34 years understand and highly appreciate the value of print books. According to the acquired evidence, 79 percent of American respondents and 64 percent of English respondents read print books last year. The research has also found that the majority of English and American readers tended to buy their print books in bookstores instead of using Internet stores (e.g. Amazon). The findings of this survey and the above mentioned studies provide conclusive evidence that print media are still alive. Moreover, in the viewpoint of Josefowicz (2009), the myth about the death of print media is created by information jun kies who use digital media and reject print media because they want to receive news in a fast way. However, Josefowicz (2009) claims that information junkies constitute a minor group of people. On the other hand, their voices are so loud that it may seem that the view of the death of print media is shared by the majority. In contrast to the research findings discussed in this essay, the opinions expressed by information junkies and digital media lovers are based on anecdotal evidence. Unquestionably, such evidence can hardly be considered trustworthy and reliable. As Josefowicz (2009) rightfully asserts, the end of print is a meme that has gained ascendancy in an environment of disruptive change in the communication ecology (n.p.).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€š As the essay has clearly shown, print media are not dead in the 21st century. Despite the increase in reading digital media, the findings of the recent studies prove that people continue to rea d print newspapers, magazines, and books. In view of these findings, it is more appropriate to speak not about the death of print media, but about the evolution of a new functional division of labour among print media and their digital equivalents (Nossek, Adoni, and Nimrod, 2015, p.381). To satisfy their diverse needs, readers may successfully combine reading of print media and reading of digital media. The views of authors and critics mentioned in this essay reveal the main reasons why printed publications are destined to survive (West, 2009, n.p.). Bibliography Agresta, M. (2012). What will become of the paper book? Slate, 8 May. Available from: https://www.slate.com/articles/arts/design/2012/05/will_paper_books_exist_in_the_future_yes_but_they_ll_look_different_.single.html [Accessed 24 October, 2015] Adoni, H. Nossek, H. (2001). The new media consumers: Media convergence and the displacement effect. Communications. The European Journal of Communication Research, 26 (1), 59-83. Anderson, K. (2014). Identity crisis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Does print need to die for online to flourish? The Scholarly Kitchen, 20 May. Available from: https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2014/05/20/identity-crisis-does-print-need-to-die-for-online-to-flourish/ [Accessed 24 October, 2015] Berger, S. (2006). The future of publishing in the digital age. In: P. Messaris L. Humphreys (Eds.), Digital media: Transformations in human communication (pp.147-158). New York: Peter Lang. Catone, J. (2013). Why printed books will never die. Mashable, 16 January. Av ailable from: https://mashable.com/2013/01/16/e-books-vs-print/#y7rqkMStoPqi [Accessed 24 October, 2015] Chartier, R. (2004). Languages, books, and reading from the printed word to the digital text. Critical Inquiry, 133-152. Desilver, D. (2014). Overall book readership stable but e-books becoming more popular. Pew Internet Research Project. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/01/21/overall-book-readership-stable-but-e-books-becoming-more-popular/ [Accessed 22 October, 2015] Gomez, J. (2008). Print is dead: Books in our digital age. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Griswold, W., Lenaghan, E., and Naffziger, M. (2011). Readers as audiences. In: V. Nightingale (Ed.), The handbook of media audiences (pp.19-40). Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Hooper, M. (2012). Who says print is dead? The Guardian, 3 June. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jun/03/who-says-print-is-dead [Accessed 23 October, 2015] Josefowicz, M. (2009). The fal lacy of the print is dead meme. Mediashift, 27 April. Available from: https://mediashift.org/2009/04/the-fallacy-of-the-print-is-dead-meme117/ [Accessed 24 October, 2015] Kitch, C. (2009). The afterlife of print. Journalism, 10 (3), 340-342. Leatherbarrow, T. (2012). Do trade magazines have a future? White Paper of WRP Agency. Available from: https://www.wpragency.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/WPR-Whitepaper.pdf [Accessed 24 October, 2015] Liu, Z. (2008). Paper to digital: Documents in the information age. Westport: Libraries Unlimited. Nossek, H., Adoni, H., Nimrod, G. (2015). Is print really dying? The state of print media use in Europe. International Journal of Communication, 9, 365-385. Publishing Technology (2015). New research reveals print habits die hard with millennial readers. Available from: https://www.publishingtechnology.com/2015/03/new-research-reveals-print-habits-die-hard-with-millennial-readers/ [Accessed 24 October, 2015] Ramirez, E. (2003). The impact of the Internet on the reading practices of a university community: The case of UNAM. World Library and Information Congress: 69th IFLA General Conference and Council, August 1-9, 2003. Berlin. Available from: https://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla69/papers/019e-Ramirez.pdf [Accessed 24 October, 2015] Richtel, M. Bosman, J. (2011). For their children, many e-book fans insist on paper. The New York Times, 20 November. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/21/business/for-their-children-many-e-book-readers-insist-on-paper.html?_r=2 [Accessed 24 October, 2015] Sutherland, K. Deegan, M. (2012). Transferred illusions: Digital technology and the forms of print. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. West, W. (2009). Print media will survive. Mercatornet, 3 September. Available from: https://www.mercatornet.com/articles/view/print_media_will_survive/5735 [Accessed 24 October, 2015] Zickuhr, K. Rainie, L. (2014). A snapshot of reading in America in 2013, Pew Internet Res earch Project. Available from: https://www.pewinternet.org/2014/01/16/a-snapshot-of-reading-in-america-in-2013 [Accessed 22 October, 2015]

Blended Families And Multicultural Family - 2239 Words

Blended families and multicultural family Research Question: What are the various challenges that are facing multiculturalism and blended families? What are the benefits of multicultural and blended families? What are the various ways for overcoming the challenges that are facing multicultural and blended families? How does blended family affect development of a child? Specific thesis: The blended families and multicultural families become increasingly familiar. Understanding the basics of these families, is, therefore, critical for the family embraces its strengths in working through their differences. According to the research carried out by Michele Martin on the experience of the remarried couples in the blended families, differing loyalties cause various challenges for both biological and step-parents. Just like blended families, the shadow side of multicultural families can loom heavily in the relationships leading to various challenges. Chang and Chin-Chun (page 24, 2014) agrees that it is caused, primarily, by differences in culture and the differences in the cultures makes the parents face difficulties in raising children. A multicultural family, on the other hand, means a family that consists of a marriage, immigrant or individual with the naturalization permission and another person with the nationality of a given country. The term blended family describes a family that includes the children from the partner’s prior relationship. In some case, either one of theShow MoreRelatedMulticultural Literacy And Bullying Is Through Education849 Words   |  4 Pagesvariety of multicultural books. Elementary classroom libraries are an essential tool to assist in building cultural awareness and acceptance of diverse family units, races, creeds, learning abilities; therefore bullying will decrease and greater understanding among students will develop. Multicultural classroom libraries will build understanding and empathy and create environments of acceptance. According to Suzanne Evans (2010), â€Å"using an innovative critical literacy practice with multicultural literatureRead MoreThe Family Structure Of The United States977 Words   |  4 PagesThe family structure throughout the last 100 years has changed drastically in the UK. Societies more casual state of mind towards marriage implies it is no longer seen as unusual to be included in a complicated family structure. For instance a Reconstituted family. This is the point at which one or both folks have been married before and had kids and have remarried to shape another family structure also called a step family. Families are no more simply nuclear families. 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It wasn’t until roughly about 1980 that the â€Å"traditionally family† underwent changes to become a more â€Å"modern family.† This means that the â€Å"traditional† definition has changedRead MoreHealth Policy Issue : Canadian Refugees Lack Mental Health Services1534 Words   |  7 Pagesnationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country. Canada is known for being multicultural and it is no coincidence to why in 2015 the government agreed to accept 14,500 resettled refugees, out of a total of 285,000 new immigrants. (Elgersma, 2015). Even the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has praised Canada’s refugeeRead MoreMy Day At My House924 Words   |  4 PagesMy house is congested with my relatives and friends; my friends and family are here to wish me best of luck and safe journey. My heart is brimming with blended emotions. At one hand, I am frightened and somber; On the other hand, I am thrilled and glad simultaneously. It is my last day at my house and in my country. Tonight is my flight to America. I’m moving to America, to be with my husband and to start a new journey of my life. I remember every moment of my last day in Pakistan. I have never beenRead MoreMy Day At My House924 Words   |  4 PagesFrom East to West My house is congested with my relatives and friends; my friends and family are here to wish me good luck and safe journey. My heart is filled with blended emotions. Although, I am frightened and somber, I am also thrilled and happy at the same time, as it is my last day at my house and in my country. Tonight is my flight to America. I’m moving to America, to be with my husband and to start a new journey of my life. I remember everything from my last day in Pakistan. 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This essay will explore social and cultural changes in Australia over the past fifty years and how these particular changes affect social work practice within families, young people and children. In addition, this essay will provide a personal

Dangers Of Peer Pressure On Girls - 1345 Words

Dangers of Peer Pressure on Girls As a little girl I had much confidence about myself and felt I looked the best from my school as well as many other girls from my school. Nowadays, many girls are pressured into being perfect in a way they feel they will never accomplish. Little girls such as ten year olds have started to show low self-esteem and hate to their body image because of the models that are being constantly promoted. As 10TV stated, â€Å"When you were 10 or 11, you probably didn’t give much thought to body image. Today, kids that age are worried more about looking like Barbie than playing Barbie.† Girls are punishing themselves with cutting, going on extreme diets, and often kill themselves because they hate themselves. Girls are also seen wearing makeup at a young age to improve their facial features and think they will now finally be accepted in society as being perfect. A recent Mintel survey showed that six out of ten seven-year-olds wear lipstick, and two in five use eyeshadows. (â€Å"Pretty-Pressure: Girls-it pays to be pretty, but not too pretty.†) So even though social media is showing off beautiful women to give good advertisement, girls are being affected by constantly feeling down and wanting to fit into society and be accepted and seen as perfect, they hate themselves for not being pretty enough as celebrities that have gone through many surgeries to get that perfect image, and some cases have led to issues such as depression, cutting, eating problem, andShow MoreRelatedAdvantages and Disadvantages of Conformyit1528 Words   |  7 PagesNew Zealand Oxford dictionary defines conformity as accordance with established practise and agreement suitability. Conformity comes with many advantages and disadvantages. Conformity exists so people don’t feel left out. 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Middle School Journal 39.4 (2008): 30–35. The purpose of this article is to enlighten teachers, school administrators, and school counsellors about this new technological danger, describing the warning signs to help recognize both victims and perpetrators, and detail school-and home –based strategies for preventing cyberbullying and healing those affected by the phenomenon. 3. Subrahmanyam, Kaveri, and Patricia GreenfieldRead MoreEssay on Lagan786 Words   |  4 Pagessentences and list the three major points that fit under each topic sentence. Give two examples of transitional sentences. Peer Pressure We often hear about the dangers of peer pressure to teenagers. Teenagers take drugs, skip school, get drunk, or have sex because their friends do these things. However, there is another—perhaps equally bad—effect of peer pressure. 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IfRead MoreSexual And : Sexual Education1151 Words   |  5 Pageseducate their child themselves about the dangers of sex. Parents fear what the schools are teaching their child, and fear that they will become â€Å"more accepting of sexual behavior† (Lenth). Another fear is that the classes will make student s believe that all teens have sex, peer pressuring them into having sex to not be the odd one out among their peers, peer pressure promotes sex as normal but not as abnormal. (Lenth). With the idea that schools peer pressure students into having sex, the next argumentRead MoreSociety s Affect On Body Image1096 Words   |  5 Pagesaffect on â€Å"Body Image† â€Å"Body image† can be defined as the way someone perceives their body and assumes that’s how others perceive them. The concept of body image can be seen as a great concern, from society’s affects through the media, social and peer pressure, to health issues and the actions taken due to body image shaming. Over time, the â€Å"ideal† body image has evolved into an idea that is simply unrealistic and unattainable. The standards for beauty has never been consistent and has always had constantRead MoreWild and Rebellious Adolescence1601 Words   |  7 Pages The movie thirteen is a raw psychodrama directed by Catherine Hardwicke is based on the life of a young teenage girl, Tracy Freeland whom catapults from pre adolescence/childhood to a wild and rebellious thirteen year old girl. Filmed in Los Angeles, Tracey and her mother’s relationship are put to the test when she befriends Evie. Evie is a popular girl from junior high school who introduces her to the world of sex, drugs and self-mutilation. We see a physical and psychological change in Tracey

Astronauts And Personnel Of A Spacecraft †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Astronauts And Personnel Of A Spacecraft. Answer: The international lawrelating to the outer space denotes space travel by astronauts and personnel of a spacecraft. According to the Outer Space Treaty, no precise definition for the astronauts has been provided but the astronauts are known as envoys of mankind. In the Moon Agreement, the provisions stipulate that the state parties shall consider any person on the moon as astronaut[1]. Ordinary meaning The legal status accorded to astronauts by the Outer Space Treaty does not specify whether commercial space tourists shall fall within the scope of the definition provided for astronauts. Since the development of the space law, there were no issues relating to the status of the spacecraft passengers as the only participants of space flights were the cosmonauts and the astronauts. However, the growing issue in the contemporary era is related to the legal status, rights and obligations that the state parties owe to the commercial passengers. This principal reason that led to the issue is the lack of precise definition of the term astronaut who are identified as envoy of mankind and the uncertainty about the fact whether the term space tourists shall fall within the category of astronauts. Context The inclusion of the term space tourists within the scope of the above terms is intricate due to the fact that the treatise have been defining these terms in different ways which results in different connotation[2]. While interpreting the international law, it relies on both the intention of the drafters of the provisions and the ordinary meaning of the words used in the provision. Several authors and professionals have attempted to remove the ambiguity of the term astronaut and many have suggested that the term astronaut implies a scientific meaning whereas personnel of a spacecraft advocates a functional meaning. As per the principles and rules of the international law, the astronauts refers to people who perform professional activities that involves use and exploration of outer space and the celestial bodies. The Outer Space Treaty or the OST has accorded the astronauts with the status of a symbolic value by referring them as envoys of mankind in the outer space. The statutory pro tection and the special status accorded to the astronauts are justified in relation to the mission they perform and the risks they incur while carrying out their professional activities. The terms and the legal status accorded to the astronauts does not seem to include space tourists, the sole reason being, that the former carry out their professional activities for the benefit of the public unlike the latter who venture into space for personal pleasure. Therefore, if the variations prevailing within the original meanings of the terms are brought together, it can be asserted that the present privatization and commercialization of the space activities was not taken into consideration when the agreement was drafted[3]. This is because at the time of drafting the agreement, the drafters did not foresee that the private entities might take part in the space related activities. Object Since there is no precise, legal definition provided for the term space tourist, it is important to assess whether the clients of space tourist fall within the ambit of the definition provided for the term astronaut and whether the visitors of the International Space Station are accorded with the same status that is accorded to the astronauts. While the Outer Space Treaty was being drafted there were no discussion whether private person would fall within the category of astronauts. With the commencement of the commercial spaceflight opportunities, it has become more important to determine whether the private spaceflight participants should be considered as astronauts and enjoy the same rights and obligations as is enjoyed by astronauts. Nevertheless, it is difficult to evaluate the extent of training that is required for a passenger to acquire the legal status a person who has received professional training that is otherwise accorded to the astronauts by the International Space Law. Further, it is difficult determine the altitude factor and implement it with respect to the space tourists and is subject to legal clarification. Purpose Since the term astronaut is not a defined term but merely a legal status, the following functional test could be applied in for the purpose of determining whether the space tourists such as teachers, engineers, filmmakers, etc could fall into the category of astronaut. As per the legal status given by the international law to the term astronaut it may be categorized into the following three conditions: An astronaut must be a person; An astronaut must perform professional activities involving exploration of outer space and celestial bodies; An astronaut must perform such activities for the benefit of the public; The activities must carried out in compliance with the principles and rules of the international law; While the persons designated as astronauts fulfills all the above conditions, the space tourists may not be able to satisfy the last three conditions as unlike the astronauts they would be carrying out the space-related activities for profit and not for the benefit of the public. There is another functional test that is connected to the definition provided under the Article V of the Outer Space Treaty be applied to determine whether the space tourists can be defined as astronauts[4]. According to the definition, the legal status of astronaut applies to persons who must be: inside an object the that is located in space; perform the space related activities for public benefit of all countries; considered as an envoy of mankind in outer space; Interpretation As observed in the earlier test, the government personnel shall satisfy all the above conditions but the space tourists shall not be able to satisfy the second and third condition as they engage in the commercial activities for personal benefit either in the form of profit or recreation. Another test for astronaut that concentrates on the functional part would consider astronauts as persons who are engaged in activities related to space flight and those persons who have undergone training for such space flight. Where the government personnels would satisfy the requirement but a reasonable amount of doubt remains in relation to the space tourists regarding their fulfillment of the requirement[5]. The definition provided under Article V in the OST can be compared to the use of the term astronaut in the context of the domestic law. NASA in the United States uses the term astronaut to refer to those who have joined NASA corps of crewmembers bound for the Earth orbit and beyond. The professional crew members include pilot, commander, flight engineer, mission specialist and payload specialists. Further, in Russia, the spaceflight crew members include flight engineer, Researcher-Cosmonaut, Flight commander. In the absence, of any established definition of the term astronaut it is evident that there is a clear tendency of differentiating between the private and professional participants to spaceflights[6]. In this context, the US Commercial Space Launch Amendment Act (CSLAA) of the United States has provided a more detailed legal framework with respect to the commercial spaceflight. It refers to Spaceflight participants as someone who must require license for a launch vehicle to carry human being for compensation. This proposed definition implies that it is the trained professionals who are capable of carrying professional work in outer space including operating the spacecraft itself who should be considered as astronauts as was the intention of the drafters of Article V of the OST[7]. Thus, the interpretation process stipulated under article 31 of the Vienna Convention should be adopted to construe whether private persons fall within the category of astronauts. According to Article 31, a treaty shall be construed in good faith as the ordinary meaning given to the terms of treaty in the given context, purpose and object. While interpreting the treaty regard should be had to, any subsequent agreement entered into between parties with respect to the interpretation of the treaty, any relevant rules of international law applicable with respect to the relations between the parties[8]. In regards to these shortcomings of the test for defining astronaut for future commercial space tourists, and the usage of the term space participants in the Rescue Agreement, the Congress has provided a definition for the legal status of the space tourists in accordance with the jurisdiction under Article VI and VIII of the OST[9]. The legal status for private entities involved in licensed commercial space activities under 51 U.S.C. 50902(2) defines crew as any employee of a transferee or licensee who is engaged in activities carried out in the course of the employment and is directly related to the reentry, launch, or any other operation in the launch vehicle that carries human beings. Under 51 U.S.C. 50902(17), space flight participant has been defined as any individual who is not crew, carried within a launch vehicle. These two provisions eliminate the space tourists who have otherwise failed to satisfy the astronaut test under the International law and they are granted the legal status of an astronaut under the domestic law. The legal obligation of the Rescue Agreement specifies that unless crew or space flight participants does not pass legal test of astronauts the statutory obligation of the state parties to the OST Treaty to render assistance shall not be applicable to the participant in distress. Nevertheless, despite the stringent interpretation of the Rescue Agreement with respect to its application /non-application to commercial entities, the spaceflight participants or crew shall be rendered assistance in emergencies[10]. The state parties to the OST are under statutory obligation under the Treaty and the Rescue Agreement to provide necessary assistance to the space flight participant or crew in emergencies if not on moral grounds but to avert any political and public condemnation. References Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. "Some Preliminary Space Law Principles for Consideration by ICAO."Regulation of Commercial Space Transport. Springer International Publishing, 2015. 105-112. Chang, Yi-Wei. "The first decade of commercial space tourism."Acta Astronautica108 (2015): 79-91. Danilenko, Gennady M. "International law-making for outer space."Space Policy37 (2016): 179-183. Dodge, Michael. "The US Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015: Moving US Space Activities Forward."The Air and Space Lawyer29.3 (2016): 4. Ferreira-Snyman, Anel. "Legal challenges relating to the commercial use of outer space, with specific reference to space tourism."PER: Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad17.1 (2014): 1-52. Freeland, Steven. "Outer space, technology and warfare."Pandora's Box2014 (2014): 7. Goehlich, Robert A. "Space Tourism: Hurdles and Hopes."International Journal of Aviation Systems, Operations and Training (IJASOT)1.1 (2014): 17-34. Langston, Sara, and Sarah Jane Pell. "What is in a name? Perceived identity, classification, philosophy, and implied duty of the astronaut."Acta Astronautica115 (2015): 185-194. Mani, Tanvi. "The Applicability of the Norms of Emergency Rescue of Astronauts to Space Tourists."King's Student L. Rev.7 (2016): 28. Upadhyay, Ayushi. "Development of Space Tourism and Legal Aspects."Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research2.9 (2016). Freeland, Steven, Fly Me To The Moon: How Will International Law Cope With Commercial Space Tourism? (2017) Von der Dunk, Frans G., Space Tourism, Private Spaceflight And The Law: Key Aspects (2017)

Globalization and Total Quality Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Globalization and Total Quality Management? Answer: Introduction With globalization, organizations have expanded in different parts of the world. The large companies in the world like Google, Coca-Cola, Microsoft, Amazon have their presence in almost every country. With globalization, the consumers can get the products and services from domestic and international organizations. One of the main objectives for organizations is to ensure that the quality of products and services is not compromised amidst globalization. Birrell Healy (2016) argued that Globalization is important for every country because every country individually cannot produce everything by itself. and for that, they have to depend on other countries as well. Australia is seen as a wealthy country that furthermore gets its pay through dealing with a record, media interchanges and amassing. From the beginning of the country has set a more prominent measure of an emphasis on charges as opposed to gathering things, which has extended Australia's terms of trade on the world stage by vi rtue of rising product costs (Talib, 2013). Australia has more imports goods items than export goods item and Australia imports the goods items from the other Asia-pacific countries which are almost over two hundred fifty-one billion US dollars. The objective of this paper is to discuss the influence of globalization on the function of quality management in workplaces. The paper would also discuss the role of key stakeholders like customers, employers, managers, and business partners, etc. Globalization is not a procedure of the goods, administration. It is vital advances which will be imparted at around organizations around the world. It will be those business trade setting off looking into between the nearby organization and for other nationality organization (Hampson, 2014). Here separated starting with the organization social factors need aid also perceiving changed in the entire development of the globalization (Talib, 2013). The expansion of organizations in global world has increased quality considerations for organizations. There is an interesting debate around the quality considerations and responsibility of organizations in global world and international market. The changing nature of Quality Management in the current workplace can be discussed as: Changing nature of quality management in the current workplace Without the forces of globalization, organizations were expected to manage the internal quality only. That was the time when organizations have limited control and considerations for suppliers. The organizations used to have basic quality management tools in place. They key quality management tools used by organizations were check sheet, control charts, pareto chart etc. With the expansion of organizations in different parts, there has been a push towards total quality management. Today, the large organizations like Dell, Toyota, etc. use Total Quality Management tools like six-sigma, Kanban etc. to measure and monitor the quality within the organizations (ONeill Sohal, 2016). In fact, it would be correct to say that the focus of the organizations is to establish quality as a culture within the organization. Another trend in the current workplace or the changing nature of quality management is the use of Information Technology. Gone are the days when businesses survive without havin g their dedicated IT policy. Today, when the inflow of data has increased so much, it is not possible to store and manage the huge data without using IT. Also, in these times of cost cutting where pressures are everywhere to improve productivity, IT helps in streamlining the business processes and helps the firm to cut down on costs (Gimenez-Espin Jimnez-Jimnez, 2013). The fundamental focus on quality management matches with the objective of improved productivity and cost cutting. The use of Information Technology as a part of quality management initiatives enables organizations to achieve this objective. The evolved tools of quality management like agile management approach is also used most often by service based organizations. The benefit of using agile approach over traditional development approaches is organizations will be able to see the return on investment faster. Infrastructure requirement also need to be taken care. The changing and evolving nature of total quality management coupled with Information Technology has also seen the penetration and increased use of QR codes. QR codes are everywhere. If we are reading the magazine, eating something, travelling anywhere, the possibility of spotting a QR code will be everywhere. No matter what item you buy, you will see the QR codes on the packaging. QR codes are simple 2 dimensional codes, which can easily disseminate the information and are platform independent and also cheaper. Another major trend is the use of integrate Information Technology systems like ERP systems (Delic Radlovacki, 2014). The only word of caution with ERP systems is that the implementation should be effective. ERP projects are quite complex and expensive as multiple parties and stakeholders are involved. There have been numerous cases documented that shows how disastrous the implementation project became for the organization. It is very important to analyze the role of key stakeholders with respect to total quality management in global perspective. The role of key stakeholders can be discussed as: Role of key stakeholders One of the benefits of globalization is that, with globalization, the developing countries like India and China have got a strong push to increase their GDP (Khanam Siddiqui, 2016). With globalization, the quality of life in both developed and developing countries has improved. The role of key stakeholders on coping with the changing nature of quality management in workplace can be discussed as: Role of Customers It can be said that customers are one of the most important stakeholders for quality management initiatives. It is important that customers must realize the changing nature of quality management and the evolution of total quality management principles (Talib, 2013). Role of Employees It is expected that employees would contribute fully towards quality management initiatives. It is expected that employees would focus on innovation to develop a quality management culture. Dell is no exception, as is any large organization in the elaboration stage. The management of Dell agrees that by allowing employees to think and act outside the bureaucratic boundaries, that Dell will potentially see more creativity and innovation from their employees in quality management area (Gimenez-Espin Jimnez-Jimnez, 2013). Total Quality Management is a system of management based on the principle that every member of staff must be committed to maintaining high standards of work in every aspect of a company's operations. Role of Governments It is expected that government would provide a platform where organizations can link quality management initiatives with sustainable development. The government should create the group of individuals that would help the government to increase the reach of these programs across the country (Khanam Siddiqui, 2016). Role of managers and leaders The managers and leaders are the one who would be eventually responsible to establish the culture of total quality management. Role of business partners The key business parts would include suppliers, manufacturers and partner firms. It is important that organizations should communicate the quality management principles and objectives to partner organizations also. For example, Toyota is a big name when it comes to practicing total quality management principles. It is expected that Toyota would communicate its culture and focus on quality to all the partners like its suppliers with whom it works with (Delic Radlovacki, 2014). Organizational culture It would be correct to say that organizational culture is the key for quality management initiatives. The steps or the initiatives of quality management would be implemented effectively only when organizations have a strong culture in place. It is expected that organizational culture would be more integrated and open so that all the stakeholders can work together to achieve the goals of quality management (ONeill Sohal, 2016). Conclusion The above paper discusses that; today, the focus of the organizations is more on Total Quality Management tools like six-sigma, Kanban, etc. There has also been an increase in the use of Information Technology to manage the quality within the workplace. It is expected that quality management objectives would be achieved with an integrated approach among all the stakeholders like employees, suppliers, government and customers. References Birrell, B. and Healy, E., 2016. Globalization, Immigration Policy, and Youth Employment in Australia. InCreating Social Cohesion in an Interdependent World(pp. 263-280). Palgrave Macmillan US. Delic, M., Radlovacki, V., Kamberovic, B., Maksimovic, R. and Pecujlija, M., 2014. Examining relationships between quality management and organisational performance in transitional economies.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,25(3-4), pp.367-382. Gimenez-Espin, J.A., Jimnez-Jimnez, D. and Martnez-Costa, M., 2013. Organizational culture for total quality management.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,24(5-6), pp.678-692. Hampson, I., 2014. Between control and consensus: globalization and Australia's enigmatic corporatism.The Global Economy, National States and the Regulation of Labour, p.138. Khanam, S., Siddiqui, J. and Talib, F., 2016. Role of information technology in total quality management: a literature review. ONeill, P., Sohal, A. and Teng, C.W., 2016. Quality management approaches and their impact on firms? financial performanceAn Australian study.International Journal of Production Economics,171, pp.381-393. Talib, F., 2013. An overview of total quality management: understanding the fundamentals in service organization.Browser Download This Paper.